What are "Adjustments" to a watch movement

Mechanical watches operate on the principal that energy stored in a spring is released in a controlled fashion through the movement of series of gears regulated by the back and forth swinging of an escape wheel. In essence, the escape wheel serves the same purpose as the pendulum of a grandfather clock, which swings back and forth. Obviously, tall case clock was designed to operate in exactly one position... standing upright. However, pocket watches and wrist watches must operate in many positions, and ideally should be equally accurate in any of those positions. A watch that worked perfectly only when laying face up on a table would not be a terribly useful item to own.
Most mechanical watches are designed to operate reasonably well in all positions, and are not adjusted to fine tune the operation of the watch in other positions. Such watches are marked "unadjusted", or will have no markings at all about adjustments. Even "unadjusted" mechanical watches usually have a regulator that can allow you to speed up or slow down the watch, but have no special means of adjusting any other aspect of the watch function.

Watches with better calibre movements will have been adjusted at the factory for a number of positions. The usual array of positions include a subset of the following positions:
1) Dial up
2) Dial down
3) Bow up
4) Bow down
5) Bow left
6) Bow right

These positional adjustments are intended to insure that the watch is just as realiable and accurate regardless of the position in which it is stored or used.

In addition to positional adjustments, the watch may also be adjusted for Temperature. Temperature affects different elements in different ways. Heat will cause some metals to expand faster than others, and cold may cause some metals to contract more than others. A watch that is adjusted to temperatures will usually include some combination of metals that allow the watch to maintain its proper functionality within a larger range of temperatures than one that is not adjusted for temperature.

Another type of adjustment is Isochronism. As a typical watch spring unwinds the pressure it exerts on the wheels of the movement reduces. This has the potential to create a difference in the operating speed of a fully wound watch versus the same watch in an nearly fully unwound state. Adjustments for isochronism attempt to compensate for this potential by maintaining the same pressure from the spring throughout most of the operating range of the watch. This sort of adjustment was generally seen only on the finest railroad grade watches of the 20th century.

The general rule of thumb with adjustments is that more is better. However, for average every day use, a typical unadjusted watch was perfectly adequate.

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